Imam-e-Rabbani
Shaykh Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi
Hazrat Mujaddid Alif Saani(rah)
Shaykh Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi
Hazrat Mujaddid Alif Saani(rah)
Shaykh
Ahmad al-Farooqi Sirhindi son of Makhdoom Sheikh Abdul
Ahad, scholar as well an activist of the Farouqi Chistia
Order, decedent of Umar Farouqi, Second Caliph, with
twenty eight links in the chain, was born on the day
of 'Ashura, the 10th of Muharram in the year 971 H.,
in the village of Sirhind near the city of Lahore in
present-day India. Sirhindi's shrine is located in Sirhind,
India and is referred to as "Rauza Sharif"..
It is said that the territory of Sirhind was a dense
forest abound with lions so named as Sher-e-Hind which
when mutilated became Sirhind.
He
received his knowledge and education through his father
and through many shaikhs in his time. He made progress
in three tariqats: Suhrawardiyya, Qadiriyya, and Chistiyya.
He was given permission to train followers in all three
tariqats at the age of 17 years. He was busy in spreading
the teachings of these tariqats and in guiding his followers,
yet he felt that something was missing in himself and
he was continuously searching for it. He felt an interest
in the Naqshbandi Sufi Order, because he could see by
means of the secrets of the other three tariqats that
it was the best and highest. His spiritual progress
eventually brought him to the presence of the Ghawth
and Qutb of his time, ash-Shaikh Muhammad al-Baqi, who
had been sent from Samarqand to India by the order of
his shaikh, Muhammad al-Amkanaki. He took the Naqshbandi
Order from the shaikh and stayed with him for two months
and some days, until Sayyidina Muhammad al-Baqi opened
to his heart the secret of this tariqat and gave him
authorization to train his murids in the Order.
With the intention of proceeding on the Haj pilgrimage, he set out from Sirhind to Delhi and stayed with Maulana Hasan Kashmiri and from him heard of the virtues of Khawaja Baqi Billah. This aroused in him an intense wish to see him. When he saw, he was delighted, gave up the idea of the pilgrimage and engaged in spiritual training under the guidance of Khawaja Baqi Billah for three months. Hazrat Khawaja Baqi - Billah was so much impressed with the spiritual powers of the Mujaddid that he also awarded him the robe of his heir.
On his return from Delhi to Sirhind he drew a detailed and extensive programme for the moral and spiritual awakening of the people along with introduced teaching and sermonizing. Not much time had elapsed that he was again called to Delhi and received two letters one after the other at short intervals. He went there. Hazrat Khawaja made him guardian of his children. This was their last meeting. After this the Mujaddid returned to Sirhind. Hazrat Baqi-Billah passed away in the meantime. The Mujaddid was in Lahore. When news reached him, he set out to Delhi immediately, paid homage to him at his grave and stayed for a short period of time.
During the reign of Akbar, in the tenth century Hijri, Islam was passing through a lean period; was under seige of blasphemy, atheism, and irreligious. Akbar was providing state patronage to Deen-e-Ilahi and was practicing un-Islamic rites. Fire, trees, and water were worshipped. At this juncture. Islam needed a fearless believer to defend it against the onslaught. He did not permit the opportunist scholars and the misguided emperor to garner strength and kept the torch of truth burning in such trying times.
Sirhindi's World view
Sirhindi's worldview focused on the idea that ontologically, the prophethood is far greater than closeness with Allah. He believed that Sufi ideas which centered around spiritual growth beyond the material world, while exhibiting key concepts, fell short of encompassing Islam as a whole. Sirhindi, still accepting and using these ideas of walayat, or closeness with Allah, focused on a much more human understanding and reality by focusing on following the sunnah of Muhammad (SAWS) and his companions. His influence went so far as implementing jurisprudence in the Islamic world by emphasizing the Shariah and fiqh, integrating both into Indian Muslim government and society. This was accomplished through his 536 letters collectively entitled Collected Letters or Maktubat, to the Mughal rulers conveying his ideas.
Sayings
Abu Dawud related an authentic hadith that the Prophet, upon whom be Allah peace and blessings, said, 'Allah will send at the beginning of every century someone by whom the religion will be revived,' but there is a difference between the Reviver of the Century and the Reviver of the Millennium. It is like the difference between one hundred and one thousand." In a vision, the Prophet gave me good tidings: 'You are going to be a spiritual inheritor and Allah is going to give you the authority to intercede on behalf of hundreds of thousands on the Day of Judgment.' He bestowed on me with his holy hand the authority to guide people, and he said to me, 'Never before have I given that authority to guide people.' Allah unveiled to me the Secrets of the Unique Oneness and He poured into my heart all kinds of Spiritual Knowledge and its refinement. He unveiled to me the Secrets of the ayats of Qur'an so that I found beneath every letter of the Qur'an an ocean of knowledge all pointing to the High Essence of Allah Almighty and Exalted. If I were to reveal one word of the meaning of it they would cut off my head, as they did to Hallaj and to Ibn 'Arabi. This is the meaning of the hadith of the Prophet , in Bukhari, narrated by Abu Huraira (r), "The Prophet poured into my heart two kinds of knowledge, one of which I have revealed and another which if I were to reveal they would cut my throat.
Works
His works are his letters written to many of his contemporaries known as Maktubaat.
"Moving to Allah is a vertical movement from the lower stations to the higher stations; until the movement surpasses time and space and all the states dissolve into what is called the Necessary Knowledge (cilm ul-wajib) of Allah. This is also called Annihilation (fana').
"Moving in Allah is the stage in which the seeker moves from the station of Names and Attributes to a state which neither word nor sign can describe. This is the State of Existence in Allah called Baqa.
"Moving from Allah is the stage in which the seeker returns from the heavenly world to the world of cause and effect, descending from the highest station of knowledge to the lowest. Here he forgets Allah by Allah, and he knows Allah with Allah, and he returns from Allah to Allah. This is called the State of the Farthest and the Nearest.
"Moving in things is a movement within creation. This involves knowing intimately all elements and states in this world after having vanished in Annihilation. Here the seeker can achieve the State of Guidance, which is the state of the prophets and the people following the footsteps of the Prophet . It brings the Divine Knowledge into the world of creation in order to establish Guidance.
Hazrat Mujaddid Alif Sa'ani was a great writer but his letter proved more popular than his books. These letters translated in Urdu, not only express his opinion on various issues but are also fine pieces of language and style. Besides them following are some of the titles of his books:
Mobada-o-Ma'ad.
Ma'arife-ladqiya.
Makashifaat-e-ghebia.
Sharah Rubaeyat-e-Hazrat Khawaja Baqi-Billah.
Risala-Telilia.
Risala Isbat-ul-Nabuwwat.
Risala Basilsila-e-Aha'dis.
One day a man told him that his relative was grievously ill and requested to pray for him. He hesitated a little and said it was not proper to pray for health to the deceased. Hearing this he went out crying and when he reached his village he found his relative dead and the people were crying.
He died on 9 Rabi-ul-Awwal 1079 Hijri.
BRIEF FACTS:
Birth name: Imam-e-Rabbani Sheikh Ahmad Farooqi Sirhindi
Birth date: 14 Shawwal 971
Born in: Sirhind, India
IN DEPTH:
Introduction
Hazrat Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind, also
known as Imam-e-Rabbani [the Imam of Wise Guidance] and Mujaddid Alf
Thaani [meaning the reviver of the second millennium], is a great Sufi
saint of the Naqshbandi golden chain [also known as a Silsila or
Tariqa].
He was given these titles as accolades
for his undeniable work & effort to revive the spirit of Islam and
oppose the corruption prevalent during the time of the Mughal Empire.
His significant religious influence in India still holds great impact upon its Sufi roots even to this day.
Most of the branches which stem from
the Naqshbandi order today, such as the Mujaddidi, Saifi, Tahiri and
Qasimiya branches, trace their spiritual lineage through Sheikh
Sirhindi, often referring to themselves as "Naqshbandi Mujaddidi" due to
this connection.
He is also a descendant of the noble
Companion and second Khalifa of Islam, Hazrat Sayyidina Umar Farooq [,
may Allah be pleased with him].
Early Life & Sufism
Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi was born after midnight, on 14 Shawwal 971 in the village of Sirhind, near the city of Chandigarh in present-day India.
His mother relates, "After the birth
of my son Ahmad, I fell unconscious whereupon I had a vision, and saw
that my home was full of Awliya Allah (Saints) who were all
congratulating me on the birth of my son".
His father relates, "On the day of the birth of my son, I had a vision in which I saw Allah's Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, reciting first the Azan and then the Takbir in the ears of my son."
Being born into a pious family
descending from Sayyidina Umar Farooq, he received most of his early
education from his father, Sheikh Abdul Ahad. He memorised the Qur'an
thus becoming a Hafiz, and then was then sent to Sialkot in Pakistan, where he learned logic, philosophy and theology, also studying advanced texts of Tafsir and Hadith before he returned home.
At a young age, Sheikh Sirhindi had
also made rapid progress in the Suharwardiya, Qadriya, and Chishtiya
orders of Sufism, and was given permission to initiate and train
followers at the age of 17.
While busy spreading the teachings of
these Tariqas, he felt a void within himself and continuously searched
to fulfil it. He then found an interest in the Naqshbandi order, as he
saw through the secrets of the other three Tariqas that it was, in
reality, the best and most favourable.
In his words, the Naqshbandi Tariqa is "the mother of all Tariqas."
His spiritual progress eventually
brought him into the presence of the Ghaws and Qutb of his time, Sheikh
Mohammad Baqi. Through the guidance and supervision of this great Saint,
Sheikh Sirhindi progressed up the spiritual ladder and soon became a
Master of this order, his mystical insight and piety inspiring all those
who learnt from him.
Imprisonment by the Emperor
One proof of the Sheikh's
steadfastness on the Haqq is as follows. When the emperor Jahangir came
to the throne, his wife, who held Shia beliefs, influenced him strongly
and many of the people around him, including some advisors, were
Rafidhites. Without any fear or worry, Sheikh Sirhind wrote books and
articles that refuted their beliefs. It wasn't long before these people
became his enemies, and began to tell the emperor, 'This Sheikh is very
dangerous. His beliefs are corrupt, and he is against you and will not
bow down before you."
Eventually, the emperor commanded that the Sheikh be imprisoned in Gwalior Fort for an unlimited period.
A great miracle is reported by his
son, Sheikh Sayyid, who says, "He was under very intense security in
jail, where guards surrounded his room on every side. Yet every Friday,
he would be seen in the mosque. No matter how much security he was
under, he would disappear from prison and miraculously appear in the
mosque."
The Sheikh's state of patience and
gratitude was such that he never wished ill upon his enemies, nor did he
allow his family and followers to do so. Many thousands of prisoners in
Gwalior Fort embraced Islam at the hand of the Sheikh, and a very many
of these took Bayt (pledge of allegiance) at his hands, attaining high
stages of Wilayat (sainthood) as a result of his company.
The Sheikh would say, "If the Emperor
had not imprisoned me, so many thousands of people would have been
deprived of the Light of Islam."
This imprisonment allowed him to
fulfil the Sunnah of Prophet Yusuf, as he endured the hardships of
captivity with the utmost patience. The Sheikh wrote to his family and
friends from the prison, saying, "Although hardship is indeed
distasteful, it is a blessing. Praise Allah and do not spend even a
moment in neglect. Always be busy in one of three things; the first is
recital of Qur'an, the second is Salaah, and the third, abundance of
Zikrullah (Remembrance of Allah). Always be pleased with whatever state
Allah has given you. Pray that Allah gathers us all in Paradise, and that our meeting each other in this Duniya is for the Aakhirah itself."
Despite all the hardship suffered by the Sheikh in prison, the emperor noticed that he was unmoved from his original stance.
In addition, the Karamat (miracle) of
the Sheikh had come to the emperor's notice, in that thousands of
thieves and bandits had attained guidance and become pious people
through the company of the Sheikh. It was at this point that the emperor
began to regret imprisoning the Sheikh. Around this time, the Emperor
Jahangir had a dream in which he saw Sayyidina Rasulallah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, saying, "O Jahangir, you have imprisoned a very great person!"
After this dream, the emperor Jahangir
sorely regretted his actions and demanded the immediate release of the
Sheikh. The Sheikh was brought to the Emperor, who apologized and asked
the Sheikh to forgive him. The emperor now began to treat the Sheikh
with the utmost respect and would even serve him himself. Indeed, his
love for the Sheikh increased so much that Jahangir would find absence
from the Sheikh unbearable. Shah Jahan was also amongst the Mureeds of
the Sheikh, and other members of the ruling group, including scholars
and ministers, continued to join the Silsila Mujaddidia right up to and
including the reign of Alamgir Aurangzeb.
Shariah & Sufism
The Sufi path is based on Shariah,
which is fundamental to the ways of Tasawwuf and Islam. The two concepts
do not contradict each other, as clarified by Sheikh Sirhindi in this
small excerpt from one of his letters:
"The Shariah has three parts:
knowledge, action, and sincerity of motive (ikhlas); unless you fulfil
the demands of all these parts, you do not obey the Shariah. And when
you obey the Shariah, you obtain the Pleasure of God, which is the most
supreme good in this world and the Hereafter.
The Qur'an says, "The Pleasure of God
is the highest good." Hence, the Shariah comprehends all the good of
this world and the next, and nothing is left out for which one has to go
beyond the Shariah.
The Tariqa [Order] and the Haqiqa
[Reality] for which the Sufis are known, are subservient to the Shariah,
as they help to realize its third part namely, sincerity (ikhlas).
Hence they are sought in order to fulfil the Shariah, not to achieve
something beyond the Shariah.
The raptures and ecstasies which the
Sufis experience, and the ideas and truths which come to them in the
course of their journey, are not the goal of Sufism. They are rather
myths and fancies on which the children of Sufism are fed. One has to
pass over them all and reach the stage of satisfaction (Raza) which is
the final goal of ‘Suluk’ [travelling, i.e. the Sufi path] and ‘Jazba’
[overwhelming love]."
[taken from the Maktubat of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind, also known as his Collection of Letters, Vol. 1:36]
Writings of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind
Though he wrote many books, the most
famous of his works are a collection of 536 letters, collectively
entitled Collected Letters or Maktubat. These letters were addressed to
the Mughal rulers of his time and other contemporaries and they were
compiled during his lifetime.
The three volumes were compiled as detailed below:
Volume 1 - contains 313 letters, and was compiled by Khwaja Yaar Mohammad Badakhshi Talqani, a Mureed of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
The volume was named Durr al-Ma'rifat
and was completed in 1025 AH. Sheikh Sirhind ordered that it end at 313
letters, 313 being a sacred number [a significant figure in Islam, as
there was 313 Muslim soldiers in the famous battle of Badr, in which the
Muslims were victorious].
Volume 2 - was named as Noor al-Khallaq and contains 99 letters. It was compiled by Khwaja Abdul Hayy.
Volume 3 - was compiled by Khwaja Mohammad Hashim Kashmi and contains 124 letters. The volume was named Ma'rifat al-Haqa'iq.
Anecdotes
- Once, a great Sheikh wrote to him
asking, "The states which you reached and are speaking about, did the
Sahaba receive them, and if they did, did they receive them at one time
or did they receive them at separate times?"
He answered, "I cannot give you an answer unless you come into my presence."
When the Sheikh went to him, he
immediately unveiled to him his spiritual reality and cleansed the
darkness of his heart. The Sheikh fell prostrate at his feet from the
strength of such Light, and said, "I believe, I believe! I see now that
these states were all revealed to the Sahaba simply by looking at the
Messenger , peace and blessings of Allah be upon him."
- One time in the month of fasting,
Ramadan, he was invited by ten of his Mureeds to break fast with them.
He accepted the invitation of each of them. When the time came to break
the fast, he was present at each of their houses, breaking the fast, and
they saw him in each of their houses at the same time.
- Once, he looked at the sky and it
was raining. He said, "O rain! Stop until such and such hour." It
stopped until the exact time he had said, after which it started to rain
again.
- One day, the King ordered that a man
be executed. That man came to Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind and said, "Please
write a stay of execution for me." He wrote to the Sultan, "Don't
execute this man." The Sultan, out of respect and fear for the Sheikh,
pardoned the man.
- One time, a Mureed made the
intention to visit Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind. On his way, he was invited to
be the guest of a man who disliked the Sheikh. The Mureed, however,
didn't know this until after dinner, when the host began insulting the
Sheikh.
As the Mureed went to sleep later that
night, in his heart he was saying, "O Allah, I came to visit the
Sheikh, not to hear someone curse the Sheikh. Forgive me."
Then he slept and when he awoke, he
found that the man had died. He went quickly to the Sheikh and began to
tell him the story. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind raised his hand and said,
"Stop! There is no need to tell me what happened. I am the one who
caused it."
Quotes from his Maktubat
In his famous Maktubat (collection of Letters), he said:
- "It must be known that Allah has
placed us under His Obligations and His Prohibitions. Allah said,
'Whatever the Prophet gave you, take it, and whatever he prohibited you,
leave it.' [59:7] If we are going to be sincere in this, we have to
attain to Annihilation and the love of the Essence. Without these, we
cannot reach this degree of obedience. Thus we are under another
obligation, which is to seek the Way of Sufism, because this Way will
lead us to the state of Annihilation and the love of the Essence.
Each Order differs from the other in
its states of perfection; so too does each Order keep the Sunnah of the
Prophet and have its own definition of what that entails. Every Order
has its own way of keeping the Sunnah of the Prophet. Our Order, through
its Sheikhs, requires us to keep all the commands of the Prophet and
to leave all the things he prohibited. Our Sheikhs don't follow the easy
ways (rukhas) but insist on keeping the difficult ways. In all their
seeking, they keep in mind the verse of Qur'an which says, 'Men whom
neither business nor trade will divert from the Remembrance of Allah'
[24:37]."
- "In the journey leading to the
unveiling of the Divine Realities, the seeker moves through various
stages of knowledge of and proximity to His Lord."
- "The entire process [of reaching
Allah] is like threading a needle. The thread seeks the eye of the
needle, passes through and then proceeds down to where it began. There
the two ends meet, form a knot and secure the entire thread. They form a
whole; thread, eye and needle, and any material they catch is sewn into
the fabric of the unity."
- "It must be known to everyone that
the Naqshbandi Sheikhs chose to guide their Mureeds first through the
movement from Allah, travelling from the higher states to the lower. For
this reason they maintain the common veils over the spiritual vision of
the Mureed, removing the veil of ordinary consciousness only at the
final step. All other Tariqas begin with the movement to Allah, moving
from the lowest states to the highest, and removing the common veils
first."
- It is mentioned in the Hadith of the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,,
'Scholars are the inheritors of the Prophets.' The knowledge of
Prophets is of two kinds: knowledge of laws and knowledge of Secrets.
The scholar cannot be called an inheritor if he does not inherit both
knowledges. If he takes only one knowledge, he is incomplete. Thus the
real inheritors are the ones who take the knowledge of the laws and the
knowledge of the Secrets, and only the saints have truly received and
protected this inheritance."
Final Phase of Life
Once the mission of the Sheikh had
been accomplished, he increasingly began to prefer solitude and
seclusion. One day the Sheikh stated, "It seems that my time for
departure is near." He wrote to his sons, saying, "Yesterday, during the
Muraqaba after the Fajr prayer, I noticed that the robe I would usually
wear was not with me, and it was replaced by another." This signalled
that his role would be passed down to a successor.
Later, the Sheikh appointed Khwaja Mohammad Masoom as his successor, and instructed all his Khulafa and Mureeds to take Bayt at the hand of Khwaja
Mohammad Masoom. The responsibility of running the Khanqah was also
passed on. If any new people came to the Sheikh asking to be his
Mureeds, the Sheikh would send them to Khwaja Mohammad Masoom.
Some people related that during these days, they asked the Sheikh why he had isolated himself so much from creation.
He replied that his time for leaving
this world was very close and that he had reached the age of sixty
three, exactly the age at which Allah's Nabi, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had passed away, so he knew that he too would pass away very soon. The Sheikh stated:
"O men of Allah! I have passed on to you everything that has been given to me by Allah and His Messenger , peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.
In the struggle to uphold the true Deen of Islam, I worked hard and
relentlessly all my life. I was a victim of oppression and tolerated
much hardship, but despite the harshest of harsh attempts by various
forces to destroy the cause, I remained steadfast and never allowed
myself to be complacent. Now I am to part from you, and I leave you in
the Hands of the Lord of the Worlds. Our next meeting will be under the
banner of Allah's Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, on the Day of Qiyamat."
Upon hearing this, those present could
not hold themselves back and began to weep uncontrollably, and all
began to say, "O Imamul Awliya! There is no doubt whatsoever that you
have striven relentlessly in the struggle to uphold the Shariah, and to
revive the Deen of Islam. And inshAllah, we will testify to this fact on
the Day of Judgement."
After this the Sheikh made Dua and then proceeded from the Khanqah.
The Passing Away of a Mujaddid
After six to seven months of solitude,
the Sheikh visited, for the last time, the blessed shrines of his dear
father and his respected grandfather. After this, the Sheikh fell ill
and did not recover, and on the 13th of Safar this illness was increased
by a high fever.
Despite being so ill, the Sheikh continued to pray Salah in congregation and did not reduce his habit of Zikr and Muraqaba.
The illness gradually worsened and at
the time of Chasht prayer, on Tuesday 28th Safar 1034 AH (10th December
1624 AD), the Sheikh left this world and was reunited with the Merciful
Creator at the age of 63.
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